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氰基()是由碳氮叁键相连的一个相当稳定的强吸电子基团,因该基团具有和卤素类似的化学性质,因此常被称作拟卤素。同时,氰基在有机化学合成中发挥着重要的作用,因此,生成氰基或将其它基团通过化学方法将其转化成氰基显得非常重要。那么,在有机合成中形成氰基的方法到底有哪些呢?
一、酰胺脱水:
常用的脱水剂:1. TFAA/TEA/DCM
2. POCl3, SOCl2, COCl2, P2O5, PCl5, Burgess reagent
该类脱水剂常用极性非质子性溶剂加TEA作为碱在低温或室温下即可脱水,也可以直接用它们作为溶剂进行脱水,反应更为剧烈一些。它们脱水的机理见下图:
二、肟脱水:
1. 酸性脱水剂:TiCl4/Py, (CH3COO)2Cu, KSF(蒙脱土)
2. 酰化后脱水剂:CH3COCl, ClSO3H, MsCl, TosCl, SOCl2, POCl3
3.生成活性酯脱水剂:CH(OEt)3,Triphosgene/TEA
4. 强碱脱水剂: NaOH, KOH, NaOH+CS2
三、卤代烃转化:
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芳香卤代烃通过Pd-cat.转化:
条件:a.Zn(CN)2/Zn/dppf/Pd(PPh3)4
b.Zn(CN)2/XPhos Pd G3/THF:H2O(1:4)
2. 脂肪卤代烃:
常用的-CN源:CuCN, NaCN, KCN/KI/DMSO, Zn(CN)2
TMSCN:适用于芳基苄醇!
四、羰基化合物转化:
1. TosMIC/t-BuOK/THF/MeOH
2. NaN3/PTSA/DMF
五、芳香胺重氮化:
芳香族伯胺在低温(≤5 ℃)和强酸(H2SO4,HCl, HNO3, HBr)的溶液中与NaNO2作用生成重氮盐,然后再加入-CN盐试剂,即可生成氰化物。
特点:
1. 必须控制好低温环境(≤5 ℃),否则,重氮盐无法生成;
2. 必须是强酸(pH≤3),而且酸的用量要大大过量;
酸的作用:
3. 当pH>4时,生成重氮氨基化合物:
4. 当pH>6时,生成重氮酸:
5. 当pH>7-11时,生成顺式重氮酸盐:
6. 当pH>12时,生成顺式重氮酸盐:
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